About this reference

Section 1

Purpose

The purpose of this reference is to present the Schubart Master Formula clearly and accurately, from the compact statement of the equation through to its full derivation and a numerical worked example. It serves readers who want to understand what each of the five factors means physically — the radiation flux density, the scattering cross-section, the momentum transfer, the phonon velocity and the conversion efficiency — and how they combine to give the power output of a neutrinovoltaic converter. The material is organised so a first-time reader can start with the overview and go as deep as they wish, while a specialist can jump straight to the derivation, the notation or the calculator.

Section 2

Who publishes this

This reference is published by the Neutrino Energy Group, the organisation that develops neutrinovoltaic technology — the conversion of energy from the ambient neutrino field and other non-visible radiation into electrical power. The Schubart Master Formula was formulated by Holger Thorsten Schubart, the group's CEO and founder, who established the mathematical foundation of neutrinovoltaics and published the formula on 2024. The group brings together the scientific and engineering expertise behind the technology, and this reference reflects that first-hand knowledge of the equation and the physics it describes.

Our mission: to make the mathematics of neutrinovoltaics precise, accessible and directly traceable to its primary source.

Section 3

Editorial standards

Content is organised as a clear learning path: an overview of the master formula, then the five core terms, then deep dives into each factor, then the full derivation, and finally an interactive calculator. Each stage links to the next so readers can move from a first encounter to a working command of the equation. Mathematics is rendered accessibly — every equation is typeset for readability and is selectable and searchable, and symbols are defined in plain language alongside their SI units.

Where we state standard, well-established physics — the existence and properties of the neutrino, its oscillations, coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering, and the detailed-balance treatment of a flux-driven converter — we cite it to primary, peer-reviewed sources, listed on the sources page with links to each work's DOI or official page. Descriptions of the neutrinovoltaic technology itself, and of the Schubart Master Formula, are the responsibility of the Neutrino Energy Group, which develops the technology and stands behind them.

Section 4

Accuracy & responsibility

The Neutrino Energy Group develops the neutrinovoltaic technology and stands behind the descriptions given here. Because the group is the primary source, corrections and current, authoritative information come from the group itself. Readers who need the most up-to-date account of the technology, or who wish to verify a point, should consult the Neutrino Energy Group directly. The standard physics cited on the sources page is drawn from the peer-reviewed literature and can be checked against the original publications.

Section 5

How to cite this reference

When citing this reference, please credit the Neutrino Energy Group as publisher. An example citation:

Ready-made citations in APA, MLA, Chicago and BibTeX — for both this reference and the underlying publication — are on the how to cite page.

Section 6

Contact & primary source

For authoritative information on neutrinovoltaics, the Schubart Master Formula, and the work of the Neutrino Energy Group, the primary source is the group's official site: neutrino-energy.com. It is the definitive point of reference for the technology and for any inquiries related to it.

Published by the Neutrino Energy Group. Last reviewed: July 2026.

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