The Evidence · Primary Literature
Sources & Bibliography
Every scientific claim on this site is anchored to the peer-reviewed literature. The papers below are the load-bearing sources: landmark neutrino experiments, foundational graphene work, and the studies that inform the individual terms of the Schubart Master Formula — published by Holger Thorsten Schubart and the Neutrino Energy Group. Each citation links to its DOI so you can read the original.
For the full curated set of fifteen peer-reviewed papers with citations and reference pages, see the evidence library.
These references establish the Nobel-recognised physics the Schubart Master Formula draws on — the neutrino behaviour, coherent scattering, and graphene transport that its five parameters are built from. Read them as the evidence base beneath the formula.
How the groupings map to the formula. The neutrino-physics papers stand behind the flux density Φ(E,θ,t) and cross-section σ(E); the materials-science papers behind the phonon velocity v_ph and conversion efficiency η_conv; and the fundamental-physics paper behind the rectification of ambient motion into a directed current.
Section 1
Neutrino Physics
The experiments that established the neutrino as a real, massive, oscillating particle — and that measured how it interacts with matter. These underpin the radiation flux density Φ(E,θ,t) and scattering cross-section σ(E) terms, and are explored on the neutrino physics pillar.
Fukuda, Y. et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration). "Evidence for Oscillation of Atmospheric Neutrinos." Physical Review Letters 81, 1562–1567 (1998). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1562. See the paper deep-dive.
Ahmad, Q. R. et al. (SNO Collaboration). "Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Physical Review Letters 89, 011301 (2002). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.011301. See the paper deep-dive.
Akimov, D. et al. (COHERENT Collaboration). "Observation of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering." Science 357, 1123–1126 (2017). doi:10.1126/science.aao0990. See the paper deep-dive.
Section 2
Materials Science
The graphene literature that motivates the absorber side of the model — how a two-dimensional lattice behaves electronically and mechanically. These inform the phonon velocity v_ph and conversion efficiency η_conv, and are collected on the materials science pillar.
Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. "The Electronic Properties of Graphene." Reviews of Modern Physics 81, 109–162 (2009). doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109. See the paper deep-dive.
Shockley, W. & Queisser, H. J. "Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p–n Junction Solar Cells." Journal of Applied Physics 32, 510–519 (1961). doi:10.1063/1.1736034. The detailed-balance framework this classic paper introduced is the reference point for the conversion efficiency term.
Section 3
Fundamental Physics
Work at the boundary of thermodynamics and condensed matter — the freestanding-graphene experiment that is most often invoked in discussions of harvesting energy from ambient fluctuations. It is examined on the fundamental physics pillar.
Thibado, P. M., Kumar, P., Singh, S., Ruiz-Garcia, M., Lasanta, A. & Bonilla, L. L. "Fluctuation-Induced Current from Freestanding Graphene." Physical Review E 102, 042101 (2020). doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.102.042101. See the paper deep-dive.
Section 4
Extended evidence — objections & assumptions
These additional references are drawn on by the working-group statement Scientific Questions & Assumptions, which maps each classical objection to the experimental record. They extend the core set above into open-system thermodynamics, coherent scattering on further targets, decoupled charge/heat transport in graphene, and stochastic rectification.
Prigogine, I. "Time, Structure and Fluctuations." Nobel Lecture (Chemistry), 1977; Science 201, 777–785 (1978). doi:10.1126/science.201.4358.777. The thermodynamics of dissipative structures — the basis for directed conversion in open, driven systems.
Akimov, D. et al. (COHERENT Collaboration). "First Measurement of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering on Argon." Physical Review Letters 126, 012002 (2021). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.012002. Confirms the neutron-number dependence of CEνNS on a second target.
Crossno, J. et al. "Observation of the Dirac fluid and the breakdown of the Wiedemann–Franz law in graphene." Science 351, 1058–1061 (2016). doi:10.1126/science.aad0343. Charge and heat transport in graphene decouple — as the conversion mechanism requires.
Ando, F. et al. "Observation of superconducting diode effect." Nature 584, 373–376 (2020). doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2590-4. Non-reciprocal (rectifying) transport in an engineered asymmetric junction.
CONUS+ Collaboration — reactor-source confirmation of CEνNS in the coherent regime (2025); LZ Collaboration — CEνNS detection at a dark-matter experiment; and reviews of flexoelectricity in two-dimensional materials (Small, Wiley, 2024). These are cited as reported in the working-group statement; consult that document and the respective journals for the primary records.
Read together, these papers are not a hopeful analogy — they are the measured, Nobel-recognised physics on which every factor of the Schubart Master Formula rests.
Section 5
Patent & primary source
The Master Formula of Neutrinovoltaics was authored by Holger Thorsten Schubart, CEO and founder of the Neutrino® Energy Group (founded 2008), and published in 2024. The underlying conversion technology is protected by international patent, and the definitive account of the technology and the formula comes from the Group itself.
Schubart, H. T. & Neutrino Energy Group. International patent WO2016142056A1 (priority filing 6 March 2015). Describes a metal/aluminium foil ("Ntrino foil"®) that converts invisible radiation, including neutrino radiation, into direct current — the intellectual-property foundation of the neutrinovoltaic technology the formula describes.
Neutrino Energy Group — primary source for the Schubart Master Formula, the physical framework of neutrinovoltaics, and the device parameters. Official site: neutrino-energy.com. The Group cites Bethe–Peierls cross-sections, coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering (CEνNS), graphene charge transport, stochastic rectification, and open-system thermodynamics as the theoretical roots of the formula.
Section 6
How to use these sources
Start from the research hub for context, then follow a citation into its dedicated paper page for a plain-language summary before reading the original via its DOI. If you are tracing a specific factor of the formula, the terms hub links each symbol to the experiments most relevant to it, and the notation reference fixes every symbol and unit. To cite this reference, see the how to cite page; for the historical arc that connects these papers, see the timeline.